This paper reviews the five species groups and 14 constituent species of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sulcophanaeus. Sulcophanaeus Olsoufieff, 1924 is a new junior subjective synonym of Eucopricus Gistel, 1857 but is the valid name because of the latter's status as a nomen oblitum. Each species-group treatment includes group and species diagnoses and a key to constituent species. A short treatment of the genus includes a key to species groups. Lectotypes are designated for Sulcophanaeus leander (Waterhouse, 1891), S. imperator (Chevrolat, 1844), S. actaeon (Erichson, 1847) and S. columbi (MacLeay, 1819), as well as a neotype forS. menelas (Laporte, 1840). S. cupricollis (Nevinson, 1891) is a new junior subjective synonym of S. noclis (Bates, 1887).